Let’s get this out there: I’m a confessed “Archive Rat.” While I may not actually be thrilled while in the archives themselves (which are often dusty, bureaucratic, uncomfortable places), I love the thrill of finding something old, something new, something once secret. I get a lot out of that, and I love having thousands of documents at my fingertips, digitized and easy to search. This is a fortunate thing, because if you want to do the history of the bomb, you’d better love sifting through paperwork — because there’s a lot of it.
OK, so technically this is an FBI facility from World War II, and has nothing specific to do with the bomb. But it’s a pretty great image for the modern bureaucratic-security state. Source: Google LIFE image archive. See the bottom of the post for discussion of what’s really going on in this photo.
The Big Science of the atomic bomb was accompanied by a Big Bureaucracy, the majority of which was kept in secret. This turns out to be great for historians, even if it was arguably lousy for the nation. As Richard G. Hewlett, put it the first volume of his official history of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission:
The records have survived. For this, scholars can thank two much-maligned practices of the bureaucracy: classification and multiple copies. Classified documents endure; they do not disappear from the files as souvenirs. As for copies in sextuplicate, their survival is a matter of simple arithmetic. If the original in one agency is destroyed, the chances are better than even that one of the five carbons will escape the flames in another.1
What Hewlett doesn’t say here is that the reason people don’t take them home as souvenirs, or throw them out haphazardly, or lend them to their friends, or accidentally mutilate or staple them, is that because the maximum penalty for doing these sorts of things was death for much of the Cold War.2
In this spirit, once a week I will pick out an interesting or exceptional document from my research database and share it with you here, with a little contextualization and commentary.
I want to start with a favorite: a series of press releases written by William L. Laurence to be sent out after the Trinity test in July 1945. Laurence, as I mentioned earlier this week, was the only newspaper reporter brought in to view the Manhattan Project. General Groves had decided that Laurence, a science journalist at the New York Times, would be useful for writing press releases, newspaper articles, and official statements. (He soon discovered Laurence was lousy at the latter — too “gee-whiz!” — and assigned those duties to Arthur W. Page, the Vice President of Marketing at AT&T and a close friend of the Secretary of War.)
One of Laurence’s duties was to compose a series of press releases issuing cover stories for the Trinity test. The Manhattan Project folks knew that Trinity would make a big noise, and so they needed some sort of excuse — an exploding ammunition dump, for example — to give out immediately afterwards to the surrounding area. What they didn’t know was how big of a noise it was going to be, so Laurence wrote up a series of escalating press releases depending on how awful the test was.
I’ve also included what appears to be the instructions to Laurence about the statements from the Interim Committee (who gave him the assignment).3
Click the image to view the full PDF.
I love the ramp up here, from Form A — “no loss of life nor injury” — through Form C — “Among the dead were…” — to Form D — “caused serious damage in some sections of the communities in the area.” It’s a bit grotesque, no? Fantasies about worst case scenarios, rendered in bland bureaucratese; writing press releases that predict the author’s (Laurence’s) own death. One wonders how different our story of the bomb would be if the latter messages were among the ones to be released, and not Form A.
Next week I’ll be posting a large list of online databases for looking up bomb documents — including the one cited here — so don’t miss it.
(The FBI photo at the top of the post has a really misleading Google LIFE caption, which makes it sound like it’s just another fileroom. It’s not. It’s an overflow facility that the FBI’s Identification Division started using during World War II for the purposes of clearance needs of the armed services. The building is the DC Armory, a multi-use arena facility — and sometimes ice rink! — which is still in existence. By 1942 the FBI was adding 400,000 file cards a month to its archives, and were receiving 110,000 requests for “name checks” per month. By 1944 the agency contained some 23 million card records, as well as 10 million fingerprint records. In trying to figure out what this picture was of, and as the source of the statistics cited, this article was invaluable: John F. Fox, Jr., “Unique unto itself: The records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 1908 to 1945,” Journal of Government Information 30 (2004), 470-481.)
- Richard G. Hewlett and Oscar E. Anderson, Jr., The New World, 1939/1946: A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Volume I (University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962), on 657. [↩]
- In 1969, when the Supreme Court temporarily ruled the death penalty unconstitutional, the Atomic Energy Act was amended to remove the death penalty and make the maximum penalties life imprisonment. It was never added back to the law even when it was made constitutional again. Small miracles, eh? [↩]
- Citation: Trinity test press release guidelines and press releases by William L. Laurence (14 May 1945), in Correspondence (“Top Secret”) of the Manhattan Engineer District, 1942-1946, microfilm publication M1109 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1980), Folder 4: “TRINITY Test (at Alamogordo, July 16, 1945),” Roll 1, Target 5. [↩]
“A remotely located ammunition magazine containing a considerable amount of high explosive exploded.”
Mr. W.L. Laurence was nothing if not eloquent. He worked for the New York Times, donchakno. *nods sagely*
I’ll do another post on Laurence soon enough; he’s one of the best characters in the entire Manhattan Project. I’m not sure whether Groves felt he had made the right decision in the end, picking him as their only newspaper liaison. He was fairly pulpy when it came to his prose styles, and when it came to writing Army articles to hand out, he required a lot of editing. I have some great photos of some of his rejected drafts with big “NO”s written on them in Groves’ hand — crazy things like how now that they had atomic bombs, they could go exploring the galaxy, and things like that. Fun stuff, but not exactly “official release of the US government” material. He insisted on referring to Hanford and Oak Ridge as Atomland-on-Mars, even in the official stories (which were edited out by the Groves people), which I find adorable. (So adorable that I bought the domain.)
Hilarious and awesome. I look forward to it.
Everything I have heard about Laurence indicates that he was a fishy character. Amy Goodman had a segment on him, explaining how some people are advocating that he be retroactively stripped of his Pulitzer because of his propagandistic reporting on nuclear fallout. The way you describe him adds an additional layer of depth, and makes him seem like a thoughtless enthusiast who had to be kept in check by the authorities, as opposed to the image of a suave goateed Machievellian accomplice that I pictured in my mind’s eye.
Still, credit where it’s due — when I read his description of the ride in the Bockscar, my skin crawls. “But no sooner did this happen when another mushroom, smaller in size than the first one, began emerging out of the pillar. It was as though the decapitated monster was growing a new head… As the first mushroom floated off into the blue it changed its shape into a flower-like form, its giant petal curving downward, creamy white outside, rose-colored inside. It still retained that shape when we last gazed at it from a distance of about 200 miles.” Shoddy journalism aside, the man gets full marks for evocative writing.
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[…] This is a military and civilian corrupt scandal of immense proportions. The modus operandi perfected by the world’s military industrial complex and authorised by governments globally from the dawn of the atomic age can clearly be seen in the 1940s (See the critiques of Groves and Laurence on line : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Laurence, http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2011/11/10/weekly-document-01/ […]